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Interactive computing

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Interactive_computation" title="Interactive computation">Interactive computation</a>.</div>

In <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, interactive computing refers to <a href="Software" title="Software">software</a> which accepts <a href="Input_(computer_science)" title="Input (computer science)">input</a> from the user as it runs.

Interactive software includes commonly used programs, such as <a href="Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processors</a> or <a href="Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">spreadsheet</a> <a href="Application_software" title="Application software">applications</a>. By comparison, non-interactive programs operate without user intervention; examples of these include <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a> and <a href="Batch_processing" title="Batch processing">batch processing</a> applications that are pre-programmed to run independently.

Interactive computing focuses on real-time interaction ("dialog") between the computer and the operator, and the technologies that enable them.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>

If the response of the computer system is complex enough, it is said that the system is conducting <a href="Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">social interaction</a>; some systems try to achieve this through the implementation of <a href="Social_interface" title="Social interface">social interfaces</a>.

The nature of interactive computing as well as its impact on users, are studied extensively in the field of <a href="Human-computer_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-computer interaction">computer interaction</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_interactive_computing_systems">History of interactive computing systems</h2></div>

<a href="Ivan_Sutherland" title="Ivan Sutherland">Ivan Sutherland</a> is considered the father of interactive computing for his work on <a href="Sketchpad" title="Sketchpad">Sketchpad</a>, the interactive display graphics program he developed in 1963. He later worked at the <a href="Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency">ARPA</a> Information Processing Techniques Office under the direction of <a href="J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a>.

There he facilitated ARPA's research grant to <a href="Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a> for developing the NLS<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> system at SRI, based on his visionary manifesto published in a 1962 report,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> in which Engelbart envisioned interactive computing as a vehicle for user interaction with computers, with each other, and with their knowledge, all in a vast virtual information space.

In a 1965 report,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Engelbart published his early experiments with pointing devices, including the <a href="Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">computer mouse</a>, for composing and editing on interactive display <a href="Workstation" title="Workstation">workstations</a>. Engelbart's work on interactive computing at SRI migrated directly to <a href="Xerox_PARC" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox PARC">Xerox PARC</a>, from there to <a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, and out into the mainstream. Thus, the tree of evolution for interactive computing generally traces back to Engelbart's lab at SRI.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>

In December 2008, on the 40th anniversary of his 1968 demo, SRI sponsored a public commemorative event in his honor.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_research">Current research</h2></div>

The need for constant user interaction in interactive computing systems makes it different in many ways from <a href="Batch_processing" title="Batch processing">batch processing</a> systems.

Areas of current research include the design of novel programming models<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and achieving information security and reliability in interactive computing.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

<a href="IPython" title="IPython">IPython</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> is a software system for scientific interactive computing,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> supporting data visualization, <a href="Event-driven_programming" title="Event-driven programming">event-driven programming</a> and a number of related GUI toolkits.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

The Georgia Institute of Technology's <a href="Georgia_Institute_of_Technology_School_of_Interactive_Computing" title="Georgia Institute of Technology School of Interactive Computing">School of Interactive Computing</a> formed in 2007, offering masters and doctoral degrees via collaboration with more than 40 faculties.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

The Tangible Media Group of <a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>, led by Professor Hiroshi Ishii, seeks to seamlessly couple the dual world of bits and atoms by presenting a dynamic physical form to computation.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Interactivity" title="Interactivity">Interactivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Interactive_computation" title="Interactive computation">Interactive computation</a></li>

<li><a href="Processing_modes" class="mw-redirect" title="Processing modes">Processing modes</a></li>

<li><a href="J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a></li>

<li><a href="Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a></li>

<li><a href="Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beki70.wordpress.com/2011/01/27/what-is-interactive-computing/">"What is Interactive Computing?"</a>. Beki's Blog. 2011-01-27. Retrieved 2016-04-25.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dougengelbart.org/about/augment.html">About NLS/Augment</a>, Douglas Engelbart Institute

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<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dougengelbart.org/content/view/138/000/">Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework</a> (1962), Douglas Engelbart Institute

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<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archive.org/stream/nasa_techdoc_19660020914/19660020914#page/n1/mode/2up">Computer-Aided Display Control</a> (1965), Douglas C. Engelbart

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<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAdministrator" class="citation web cs1">Administrator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dougengelbart.org/firsts/interactive-computing.html">"Interactive Computing - Doug Engelbart Institute"</a>. www.dougengelbart.org. Retrieved 2016-04-25.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dougengelbart.org/events/40th.html">Engelbart and the Dawn of Interactive Computing</a>, Douglas Engelbart Institute

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<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/2878427/hands-on-with-the-hp-sprout-an-imaging-powerhouse-built-into-a-touch-friendly-pc.html">"Hands-on with the HP Sprout, an imaging powerhouse built into a touch-friendly PC"</a>. PCWorld. 2015-02-03. Retrieved 2016-04-25.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPerera2008" class="citation journal cs1">Perera, Roly (2008-05-14). "Programming Languages For Interactive Computing". Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science. Proceedings of the Workshop on the Foundations of Interactive Computation (FInCo 2007). 203 (3): 35–52. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.95.7225">10.1.1.95.7225</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.entcs.2008.04.085">10.1016/j.entcs.2008.04.085</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBeaver1991" class="citation book cs1">Beaver, Donald (1991-08-11). "Foundations of Secure Interactive Computing". In Feigenbaum, Joan (ed.). Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO '91. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 576. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 377–391. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-46766-1_31">10.1007/3-540-46766-1_31</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9783540551881</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipython.org/">IPython official webpage</a>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPerezGranger2007" class="citation journal cs1">Perez, F.; Granger, B. E. (2007-05-01). "IPython: A System for Interactive Scientific Computing". Computing in Science & Engineering. 9 (3): 21–29. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007CSE.....9c..21P">2007CSE.....9c..21P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMCSE.2007.53">10.1109/MCSE.2007.53</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1521-9615">1521-9615</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipython.org/ipython-doc/stable/interactive/reference.html#gui-event-loop-support">IPython documentation on interactive computing</a>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ic.gatech.edu/">School of Interactive Computing official webpage</a>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tangible.media.mit.edu/">Tangible Media Group official webpage</a>

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